Participants of the 2022 Student Conference

Abstract

This research paper has dealt with the concepts of job satisfaction, well-being and workplace wellness program in the theoretical part. The task of the theoretical part was a literature search in the field of the above mentioned concepts, their characteristics, explanation of the issue and everything that affects it. The research was focused on the effect of exercise at work on the job satisfaction of the employees of the selected company. The aim of the study was to find out whether exercise will increase the job satisfaction of the respondents at a given time. The practical part included the selection of appropriate exercises and their application in practice, as well as a test to assess the posture of the probands before and after the exercise. The data for the research was obtained by assessing the current condition of the employees using the pre- and post-exercise scale. Another method used was a questionnaire survey, which was used to obtain the necessary information, which was then processed in the final part. From the results, it was evident that regular exercise positively influenced the respondents. After just one month of exercise, it was possible to notice differences in test scores for the better. According to the questionnaire, it was found that 100 % probands, based on their subjective feelings, thought that job satisfaction can be increased in this way. Similar result was also found from the assessment of current status using the scale. However, it should be mentioned that the interpretation of the results of this work only stands on the basis of a small sample of probands over a short period of time and therefore may not be completely accurate. This issue is very complex and wide-ranging.

Keywords: job satisfaction, job well-being, sedentary jobs, well-being, wellness program

Abstract

This research work deals in the theoretical part with the concepts of job satisfaction, well-being and wellness program in the workplace. The task of the theoretical part was a literature search in the field of the above concepts, their characteristics, explanation of the issue and everything that affects it. The research was focused on the effect of exercise at work on job satisfaction of employees in a selected company. The aim of the work was to find out whether the exercise will increase the job satisfaction of the respondents at a given time. Part of the practical section was the selection of appropriate exercises and their application in practice, as well as a test of posture assessment in probands before and after the exercise. Data for the research were obtained by evaluating the current state of employees using a scale before and after the exercise. Another method used was a questionnaire survey, which was used to obtain the necessary information, which was then processed in the final part. It was clear from the results that regular exercise had a positive effect on respondents. After only a month of exercise, it was possible to notice differences in test results for the better. According to the questionnaire, it was found that 100 % of probands, based on their subjective feelings, think that it is possible to increase job satisfaction in this way. A similar result was also found from the evaluation of the current situation using a scale. However, it should be noted that the interpretation of the results of this work is based on only a small sample of probands in a short period of time and therefore may not be completely accurate. This issue is very complex and extensive.

Key words: job satisfaction, job well-being, sedentary job, well-being, wellness program

Abstract

The submitted bachelor thesis is entitled Evaluation of fitness training of young female tennis players (7-10 years old). The aim is to develop a fitness program for a group of five younger female tennis players, and then to verify its effectiveness and applicability in further sports training of young female tennis players.

Within this bachelor thesis, a qualitative method was used - testing using the TENDIAG2 test battery and then Student's t-test was used to determine the shift in performance. Furthermore, the results were compared with the standards of the Czech Tennis Association.

It was found that the above training program (tennis + fitness training) was effective in all tested areas of fitness and coordination skills. The training program produced improvements in dynamic arm strength by 9 %, dynamic abdominal muscle strength by 2 %, speed abilities by 2 %, endurance abilities by 2 %, hand frequency velocity by 2.8 %, leg frequency velocity by 8 %, and trunk mobility by 4 %. In comparison with the Czech Tennis Association standards, it was found that two girls, falling in the age category of 9-10 years, were mostly in the average range.

Keywords: children, fitness, younger school age, sports training, tennis

Abstract

The submitted bachelor thesis is entitled Evaluation of fitness training of young female tennis players (7-10 years). The aim is to develop a fitness program for a group of five younger female tennis players and then to verify its effectiveness and applicability in further sports training of young female tennis players.

Within the framework of this bachelor thesis, a qualitative method was used - testing using the TENDIAG2 test battery and then Student´s t-test was used to determine the shift in performance. Furthermore, we compared the results with the standards of the Czech Tennis Association.

It found that the training program (tennis + fitness training) was effective in all tested areas of fitness and coordination skills. The training programme resulted in a 9 % improvement in dynamic arm strength, 2 % improvement in dynamic abdominal muscle strength, 2 % improvement in speed skills, 2 % improvement in endurance skills, 2,8 % improvement in hand speed, 8 % improvement in leg speed and 4 % improvement in trunk mobility. In comparison with the Czech Tennis Association standards, we found that the two girls, falling in the age category of 9-10 years, we mostly in the average range.

Key words: children, fitness, younger school age, sports training, tennis

Abstracts:

The main aim of the bachelor thesis was to determine whether Czech shotgun shooters use psychological training in practice and what psychological benefits they derive from this sport discipline.

To write the theoretical part of the thesis, the literature dealing with the issues of sport shotgunning, emotional states related to competition, psychological preparation and psychological benefits of the sport discipline were used. In the practical part, a qualitative research method, namely a semi-structured interview, was used with a group of ten respondents. Using a semi-structured interview, the findings of the selected shooters were collected about their individual perception and use of psychological preparation, their perception of their emotional states related to competition and their perception of the psychological benefits offered by this type of sport. The collected data were then used to analyze them in depth and to compare them with theoretical findings.

The results obtained from the semi-structured interviews were compiled into thematic units where all interviews were interpreted in turn and supplemented with direct quotations from the respondents. Each chapter of the thematic unit also contains a summary of the results obtained.

The findings suggest that there are numerous specific regulatory means used to eliminate negative emotional states following competition. The use of regulatory methods, techniques, and resources included visualization of targets prior to intervention, inner speech, stretching, breathing exercises, and rituals. Pre-competition and starting states are usually at a level of over-activation, with respondents perceiving feelings of nervousness, rapid heart rate, dizziness and anxiety, muscle tremors, impaired speech and chills. Most respondents experience adaptation to the race after shooting one item, while at the same time there is a reduction or complete disappearance of negative start states. The results showed that watching continuous assessment during competition can induce negative emotion displays that distract competitors from core concentration on shooting. Post-competition states for some respondents typically manifest as psychological fatigue, with reduced concentration and perception of the environment. The psychological benefits that sport shotgunning provides to respondents are primarily personal development and self-understanding, enjoyment of the outdoors, the joy of hitting their target in this sport, and the social environment among a small group of shooters.

Keywords: psychological preparation, sport shooting, psychological benefits of sport, emotions in sport, regulation of psychological states.

Abstract

The main aim of the bachelor thesis was to determine whether Czech clay target shooters use psychological training in practice and what psychological benefits they derive from this sport.

In order to write the theoretical part of the thesis, we used professional literature dealing with the issues of competitive clay target shooting, emotional states related to competition, psychological preparation and the psychological benefits of the sport. Inthe practical part, a qualitative research method, specifically a semi-structured interview, was used with a group of ten respondents. Using semi-structured interviews, the findings of the selected shooters were collected concerning their individual perception and use of psychological training, their perception of their emotional states in relation to competition, and their perception of the psychological benefits offered by this type of sport. The collected data was then used for a deeper analysis and comparison with theoretical findings.

The results obtained from the semi-structured interviews were compiled into thematic units where all interviews were interpreted in turn and supplemented with direct quotes from the respondents. Each chapter of the thematic unit also contains a summary of the results obtained.

The findings suggest that numerous specific regulatory means are employed to eliminate negative emotional states linked with competition. In terms of the use of regulatory methods, techniques and tools, the respondents are particularly concerned with visualisation of targets before hitting, inner speech, stretching, breathing exercises and rituals. Pre-competition and initial states are usually at the level of over-activation, with respondents perceiving feelings of nervousness, rapid heart rate, dizziness and anxiety, muscle tremors, impaired speech and chills. For most respondents, after shooting one item, adaptation to the event occurs, while at the same time negative initial states are reduced or completely disappear. The results showed that watching continuous scoring during competition can induce negative displays of emotion that distract competitors from core concentration on shooting. Post-competitive states in some respondents are usually manifested as psychological fatigue, when concentration and perception of the environment is reduced. The psychological benefits that competitive clay target shooting provides to the respondents are mainly personal development and self-understanding, enjoyment of being outdoors, the joy of hitting their target in this sport, and the social environment of a small group of shooters.

Key words: psychological training, clay target shooting, psychological benefits of sport, emotions in sport, regulation of mental states.

Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to determine the effect of regular Pilates exercise on the hypomobility of the elderly. What is the difference in mobility, posture and balance between seniors who do not regularly perform any physical activity and seniors who regularly attend Pilates classes. In addition, determine whether seniors who regularly practice Pilates can approach younger people (specifically 55-64 years old) who are not regularly physically active in their mobility, posture, and balance.

To clarify the issue, the theoretical part summarized information about old age, physical activities in old age, geriatric syndromes, hypomobility and Pilates exercises. In the practical part of the thesis, attention is paid to three specific groups of probands of five members, whose results are then compared with each other. All probands underwent the Matthias posture assessment test, the Tinetti test, various mobility tests according to Janda, the Romberg balance test and the unipedal test.

The results show that the group of probands who regularly practise Pilates achieved significantly better results in all tests than the group of seniors who do not regularly practise physical activity. The exercising seniors have better posture, balance and mobility. Compared to the last group of probands, i.e. the group of probands aged 55-64 years who do not regularly perform any physical activity and have a sedentary job, the results were also different. The exercising seniors again achieved better results, but the difference is not so marked.

KeywordsThis entry was posted in Posture assessment, Hypomobility, Pilates, Romberg test, Age, Tinetti test, Unipedal test, Mobility testing.

Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of regular Pilates exercise on hypomobility in the elderly. What is the difference in mobility, posture and balance between seniors who do not regularly perform any physical activity and seniors who regularly attend Pilates classes. In addition, determine whether seniors who regularly practice Pilates can approach younger people (specifically 55-64 years old) who are not regularly physically active in their mobility, posture, and balance.

To clarify the issue, the theoretical section summarized information on old age, physical activities in old age, geriatric syndromes, hypomobility, and Pilates exercise. In the practical part of the thesis, attention is paid to three specific groups of probands of five members, whose results are then compared with each other. All probands underwent the Matthias posture assessment test, the Tinetti test, various mobility tests according to Janda, the Romberg balance test and the unipedal test.

The results show that the group of probands who regularly practise Pilates achieved significantly better results in all tests than the group of seniors who do not regularly practise physical activity. Exercising seniors have better posture, balance and mobility. Compared to the last group of probands, i.e. the group of probands aged 55-64 years who do not regularly perform any physical activity and have a sedentary job, the results were also different. The exercising seniors again achieved better results, but the difference is not so marked.

Keywords: Hypomobility, mobility testing, old age, pilates, posture assessment, Romberg test, Tinetti test, unipedal test

Abstract 

The aim of the study was to obtain information on the possible occurrence of pathological forms of eating behaviour and eating disorders in performance and elite modern gymnasts in the age group of 12-20 years. The bachelor thesis was divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the issues of eating disorders in sport and the appearance and dieting requirements of modern gymnasts were discussed in detail. 97 girls from 10 modern gymnastics clubs in the Czech Republic participated in the research. The average age was 14.61 years. Only girls who fulfilled the predefined criteria could be included in the study: female, age 12-20 years, minimum weekly training load of 12 h, active competitive activity at the performance level in the categories of hopeful senior A/B, junior A/B, senior A/B. A modified EAT-26 test designed specifically for athletes was used to potentially detect risky eating behaviour. The results showed a possible risk of pathological eating behavior in modern gymnasts in a total of 13 girls. The risk of pathological eating behaviour was more pronounced in top modern gymnasts, i.e. girls who are included in the Czech national team. A total of 13 gymnasts, 9 of whom are members of the national team, achieved a score of 57 points or more, a threshold that may indicate eating problems. The total number of national team members was 21 out of 97 girls. Thus, this is almost half of the national team members who exhibit risky eating behaviors. Furthermore, the results showed a higher prevalence of pathological behaviors in female athletes who fall into the higher age category. A score of 57 points and above was achieved by 3 girls aged 20 years and 3 girls aged 16 years. Age 15 and 19 were two each in both cases. In the age category of 12, 13 and 18 years there was always one proband with a score of 57 points or more. The only age category that did not achieve the above mentioned scores was 14 and 17 years. The results suggest that a greater risk of pathological eating behaviors may occur in girls who are older in age and in higher performance class.

Keywords: modern gymnastics, anorexia atletica, eating disorders, somatotype, performance sport

Abstract 

The aim of the study was to obtain information on the possible occurrence of pathological forms of eating behaviour and eating disorders in high-performance and elite rhythmic gymnasts aged between 12 and 20 years of age. The bachelor thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the issue of eating disorders as well as the appearance and dieting requirements for rhythmic gymnasts were discussed in detail. The participants of the research were 97 girls from 10 rhythmic gymnastics in the Czech Republic The average age was 14.61 years of age. Only girls who fulfilled the predefined criteria could be included in the study, i. e. female, age 12-20 years, minimum weekly training load of 12 hours, active competitive activity at the performance level pre-juniors A/B, juniors A/B, seniors A/B. A modified EAT-26 test designed specifically for sportspeople was used to detect possible risky eating behaviour. The results showed a possible risk of pathological eating behaviour in rhythmic gymnasts in a total of 13 girls. The risk of pathological eating behaviour was more frequently found in the elite rhythmic gymnasts, i. e. the girls included in the Czech Republic representation team. A total of 13 gymnasts, 9 of whom are members of the representation team, achieved the score of 57 points and more, a threshold that may indicate eating problems. The total number of representation gymnasts was 21 out of 97 girls. This means that almost half of the representation gymnasts exhibit risky eating behaviour. Furthermore, the results showed a higher prevalence of pathological behaviour in gymnasts who fall into the higher age category. A score of 57 points and above was reached by 3 girls at the age of 20 years, 3 girls at the age of 16 years. At the ages of 15 and 19 there were 2 girls in both the age categories. At the age categories of 12, 13 and 18 years there was always one proband with the score of 57 points and more. The only age categories that did not achieve the above stated score were 14 and 17 years. The results suggest that a greater risk of pathological eating behaviours may occur in girls who are older in age and in higher performance category.

Key words: rhythmic gymnastics, anorexia atletica, eating disorders, somatotype, high-performance sport

Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to define risk factors of civilisation diseases in financial administration workers in the capital city of Prague. The theoretical part consists of four chapters. The first one deals with the definition of basic concepts. The second chapter, thematically divided into subchapters, describes selected types of civilisation diseases. The third chapter is devoted to risk factors, and the fourth chapter deals with their compensation and prevention.

The practical part describes the sample of administrative staff of one Prague office of the financial administration. Through a quantitative questionnaire survey, it maps the lifestyle of employees, their eating habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep duration and time spent sitting. It also looks at workload compensation, the frequency of leisure-time sports activities, regular hardening or the use of relaxation techniques. It also looks at the frequency of ailments and civilisation diseases that may be related to the nature of the work in the administrative position. Using qualitative measurement, it identifies and confirms the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the majority of employees. Other results of the survey also demonstrate the frequency of risk factors and their undercompensation.

KeywordsThis entry was posted in Diseases of civilization, hypokinesis, obesity, prevention, cause of disease, risk, health.

Abstract

The goal of this thesis is to define the risk factors of civilization diseases of Financial administration employees in Prague. The theoretical part consists of four chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to define the basic terms. The second chapter, which is thematically divided into subchapters, describes selected types of civilization diseases. The third chapter includes risk factors. The topic of the fourth chapter involves compensation and prevention of the risk factors.

The practical part focuses on selected participants consisting of employees working in one of the departments of the Financial Administration in Prague. The quantitative questionnaire survey investigates the employee's lifestyle, their eating habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, how long they sleep and how much time they spend sitting. It also deals with the compensation of their workload, the frequency of sport activities in their free time, regular cold showers or baths or use of relaxation techniques. It also enquires the frequency of health issues and civilisation diseases which can be related to the administrative positions. The qualitative research detects and confirms the presence of overweight and obesity in most of the employees. Other results also show the frequency of risk factors and their insufficient compensation.

Key words: cause of disease, civilization diseases, health, hypokinesia, obesity, prevention, risk

Abstract 

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to design a suitable educational program for clients who suffer from whiplash syndrome caused by a car accident, sports injury or other fall.

The theoretical part focuses on the description of the problem from the perspective of the literature and other sources dealing with this issue. The practical part consists of a quantitative questionnaire method, where the consequences of trauma and its impact on the respondents' everyday and sport life were investigated. The questionnaire method was used to collect knowledge about the course of the disease, difficulties and associated diseases from the practice. Based on these results, an educational program was designed for the clients, which is mainly focused on the motor component, for the development, restoration or maintenance of their motor functions.

The results of the questionnaire were presented in graphs and tables. The findings indicate that most of the respondents had to limit their sporting and everyday life by suffering trauma. At the same time, low education of the population in the procedure of dealing with this problem was shown. Based on this, the author has developed a clear brochure to facilitate the clients in the procedure of sustaining this type of injury, in finding experts and specialists for the problem. It also serves as a guide to what exercises to include and when to include when returning to normal and sporting life.

Keywords: educational program, movement component, whiplash syndrome

Abstract 

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to design a suitable educational program for clients who suffer from whiplash syndrome caused by a car accident, sports injury or other fall.

The theoretical part is focused on the description of the problem from the point of view of professional literature and other sources, that deal with this issue. The practical part consists of a quantification questionnaire method, the consequences of trauma and its impact on the normal and sports life of respondents were determined. The questionnaire method was used to gather knowledge about the course of the disease, difficulties and associated diseases from practice. Based on these results a proposal was made for an educational program, which is focused primarily on the movement component, for clients to develop restoration or maintenance of their motor functions.

The author presented the results found in the questionnaire in graphs and tables. The results show that most respondents had to reduce their sports and everyday lives after suffering trauma. At the same time, the population's low level of education in solving this problem was demonstrated. Based on this, the author created a clear brochure, which is intended to facilitate clients progression after suffering injuries of this type and in search of experts and specialists. At the same time, it serves as a guide to what exercises to practice and when to return to normal and sports life.

Key words: educational program, movement component, whiplash syndrome

Abstract

The aim of the bachelor thesis is to evaluate the benefits of including spontaneous activities in nature as a part of sports training of children of younger school age and to verify whether the regular inclusion of spontaneous activities in nature can positively affect the level of motor skills and abilities in these children.

Twice a week, field training sessions were included to allow children to use a variety of obstacles and independent solutions to overcome them. Using a battery of motor tests, it was found after three months in a selected group of children that 75% probands had improved some skills.

The work demonstrated the benefits of including spontaneous activities in the training of younger school-age children, as their motor skills and abilities improved.

Keywords: younger school age, spontaneous outdoor activities, agility, motor skills, sports section Altsport

Abstract:

The aim of study is to evaluate the benefits of including spontaneous activities in nature as a part of sports training of children of younger school age and to verify whether the regular inclusion of spontaneous activities in nature can positively affect the level of motor skills and abilities in these children.

Twice a week, outdoor training sessions were included to allow children to use a variety of obstacles and independent solutions to overcome them. By using numerous motor tests on a selected group of children, it was discovered that after three months, 75% of the participants had improved in some skills.

The thesis demonstrated the benefits of including spontaneous activities in the training of younger school-age children, because their movement motor skills have improved.

Keywords: younger school age, spontaneous activities in nature, agility, movement skill, sports club Altsport

Abstract

HomeA: Creatine is one of the most widely used dietary supplements among athletes. Its effect on changing body composition, primarily on muscle mass gain, is an ongoing area of scientific research. This work focuses on the assessment of the effect of creatine on individual somatotypes in a group of professional soldiers of the Czech Armed Forces.

ObjectivesA: Determination of the somatotype of the respondents and evaluation of the effect of dietary supplement creatine after two months of use by measuring the skinfold (method according to Pařížková) with the Best type callipers.

MethodsA: Analysis of literature sources to organize, structure, and extract information and data on the topic from local and international sources, diagnostic methods for working with the Best type calliper, and final statistical comparison of results using a two-sample student's t-test.

Results: The theoretical part summarized the literature search on the topic of the bachelor thesis. In the practical part, the results of measured parameters of individual probands before and after two months of creatine use were statistically evaluated. The results showed that there was a decrease in the endomorphic component parameters signalling a decrease in the amount of body fat, but the expected change in the increase of the mesomorphic component did not occur to the extent that was anticipated in the research. The resulting measurements
and statistical comparison are processed and presented in the form of tables in the text of the thesis and its appendices.

ConclusionA: The effect of creatine showed a decrease in four indicators of improved body composition in terms of a decrease in the amount of adipose tissue. However, there was no significant change in the mesomorphic region, where we expected a statistically significant change to be most likely, probably due to the non-observance of optimal conditions for muscle growth.

Keywords: calcification methods, somatotype, dietary supplement, creatine, body composition, fat mass, muscle mass, metabolism, anthropometry

Abstract

Introduction: Creatine is one of the most widely used dietary supplements among athletes. This supplement has a bearing on the change of body composition, primarily of muscle mass and still is a topical area of scientific research. This thesis focuses on assessing the effect of creatine on individual somatotypes in a group of professional soldiers.

Objectives: Determination of somatotype and evaluation of the effect of dietary supplement creatine after two months of using by measuring skin folds (Pařízková method) with the type Best caliper in a group of professional soldiers.

Methods: Analysis of literary sources in order to organize, structure and obtain information and data on the topic from local and foreign sources, diagnostic methods for working with the caliper type Best and the final statistical comparison of results using a two-sample student's t-test.

Results: The theoretical part summarizes the literature search on the assigned topic of the bachelor's thesis. In the practical part, the results of the measured parameters of individual proband before and after two months of creatine's supplementation were statistically evaluated. The results showed, that there was a decrease in the indicators of the endomorphic component signaling a decrease in the amount of body fat, but the expected change in the increase of the mesomorphic component did not occur to the extent that we expected in the research. Resulting measurement values and statistical comparison are processed and presented in the form of tables in the text of the thesis and its annexes.

Conclusion: The effect of creatine showed a decrease in four indicators signaling an improvement in body composition in terms of a decrease in the amount of adipose tissue. However, in the mesomorphic area, where we most likely expected a statistically significant change, there was no significant change, probably due to non-compliance with optimal conditions for muscle growth.

Key words: calibration methods, somatotype, dietary supplement, creatine, body composition, fat mass, muscle mass, metabolism, anthropometry

Abstract

According to the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016), the external focus of attention of the performer makes motor skill acquisition more efficient and leads to better motor performance compared to the internal focus of attention, i.e., focusing on the movement of one's own body. However, some studies have suggested possible factors that may modify this effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional focus on dynamic balance associated with changes in body positions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether this effect may be influenced by the stage (PD), current level of balance and mobility of the patients.

Thirty-one individuals with PD stage I to III, mean age 70.0 ± 7.1 years, participated in the experiment. Each participant performed the 5-fold sit-stand task (FTSS) in the shortest possible time 6 times, on two trials each, without attentional focus instruction (CON, control), under instruction with external focus of attention (EFA, "focus on moving the markers up and down as fast as possible", markers glued to the shoulders) and internal focus of attention (IFA, "focus on moving the shoulders up and down as fast as possible"). In addition to time, the number of signs of body instability observed during task performance was assessed using the created Balance Inventory in the FTSS task. Participants' current level of balance was clinically assessed with the Conley Fall Risk Measure (see Jurásková, 2007) and mobility with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire PDQ - 39. The effects of the independent variables on performance in the FTSS task were statistically analysed using mixed two-factor models with repeated measures.

EFA led to significantly faster execution of body position changes (M = 11.96 s) and with fewer signs of instability (M= 1.47) compared to IFA (M = 12.66 s and 2.04, respectively) and control (M = 12.86 s and 1.64 respectively) (p < 0,001, ŋp² = 0.172, resp. ŋp² = 0,137). Although PD stage, balance level, and participants' overall mobility were significant determinants of performance in the FTSS task, the advantage of EFA over IFA and KON for dynamic balance, as indicated by time and body instability symptoms, was independent of the three factors mentioned above. The demonstrated benefit of attentional focus on the consequence of movement (EFA) in patients with stage I to III PD for dynamic balance may lead to more effective movement interventions for people with this condition. The study supports the hypothesis of a generalized effect of attentional focus on neuromotor control of movement.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease, posture, attention, movement control

Abstract

According to the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016), the external focus of attention (EFA) of the performer makes motor skill acquisition more efficient and leads to better motor performance compared to the internal focus of attention (IFA), i.e., focusing on the movement of one's own body. However, some studies have suggested possible factors that may modify this effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional focus on dynamic balance associated with changes in body positions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether this effect may be influenced by the stage (PD), current level of balance and mobility of the patients.

Thirty-one individuals with PD stages I to III, mean age 70.0 ± 7.1 years, participated in the experiment. Each participant performed the 5-fold sit-stand task (FTSS) in the shortest possible time 6 times, on two trials each, without attentional focus instruction (CON, control), under the EFA instruction - "Concentrate on moving the markers up and down as fast as possible" (markers glued to the shoulders), and the IFA instruction - "Concentrate on moving the shoulders up and down as fast as possible". In addition to time, the number of signs of body instability observed during task performance was assessed using the created Balance Inventory for the FTSS task. Participants' current level of balance was clinically assessed with the Conley Fall Risk Measure (see Jurásková, 2007) and mobility with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ - 39). The effects of the independent variables on performance in the FTSS task were statistically analysed using mixed two-factor models with repeated measures.

EFA resulted in significantly faster execution of body position changes (M = 11.96 s) and with fewer number of symptoms of instability (M = 1.47) compared to IFA (M = 12.66 s and 2.04, respectively) and control (M = 12.86 s and 1.64, respectively) (p < 0.001, ŋp² = 0.172 and ŋp² = 0.137, respectively). Although participants' PD stage, balance level, and overall mobility were significant factors of their performance in the FTSS task, the advantage of EFA over IFA and CON for dynamic balance, as indicated by time and body instability symptoms in the FTSS task, was independent of the three factors mentioned above. The demonstrated benefit of attentional focus on the consequence of movement (EFA) in patients with stage I to III PD for dynamic balance may lead to more effective movement interventions for people with this condition. The study supports the hypothesis on the generalized effect of attentional focus on neuromotor control of body movements.

Key words: Parkinson's Disease, posture, attention, motor control

Abstracts:

This bachelor thesis describes the issue of the approach of instructors and coaches in sport climbing to children from 6 to 16 years of age during the acceptance of a challenge. It looks at how instructors and coaches communicate and what is encouraging to their charges. In the theoretical part, it describes the inclusion of sport climbing, discusses the development of the younger and older school years and, last but not least, the personal and social development and with it the personality of the instructor/coach. In the practical part, qualitative research methods were used to enable her to map this issue in more depth. A structured interview was conducted with coaches, instructors and a validation interview with their charges. Subsequently, verbatim transcription was used and an evaluation of the material obtained was carried out. The thesis concluded by confirming that communication is an essential part of running a sport climbing training or club and that a set relationship and trust between the mentee and the coach/instructor are crucial during the mentee's acceptance of the challenge. 

Keywords: Sport climbing, challenge, motivation, stress, children from 6 to 16 years old

Abstract:

This bachelor thesis describes the issue of how do sport climbing instructors and coaches approach children from 6 to 16 years of age when they are accepting challenges. It deals with how instructors and coaches communicate and what is encouraging for their students. The theoretical part describes the classtification of sport climbing, discusses the development of younger and older school kids and, last but not least, personal and social development ant the personality of the instrucotr/coach himself. In the practical part, the methods of qualitative research were used, which allowed a deeper mapping of this issue. A structured interview was conducted with trainers and instructors followed by an interview with their students to verify the vredebility. Subsequently, literal transcription was used and the obtained material was evaluated. At the end of this thesis, it was confirmed that communication is an essential part for either, individual or group training. To accept a sport challenge, a set relationship and trust between the students and the coach/instructor is crucial as it helps the entrustee during the challenge.

Key words: Sport climbing, challenge, motivation, stress, children from 6 to 16 years